1. Passive branch:
Where: U---- branch voltage (V)
------I----branch current (A)
------R----branch resistance (Ω)
------±---U and I take the + sign in the same direction, otherwise take the - map A , Figure B


Where: E----branch electromotive force (V) U, I, R and passive branch
-----±U and I, E and I take the + sign in the same direction, otherwise take the first picture A




Where: E1, E2--loop electromotive force (V)
------I-------loop current (A)
------ΣR-----the sum of loop electrons (Ω)
------±------E1, E2 and I are taken in the same direction + otherwise take the - sign



------ι--conductor length (M)
------S---conductor area (CM

------Ï--conductor resistivity (Ω.CM



In the formula:

------

-------a----The temperature coefficient of resistance of the conductor (1/°C)
-------t----temperature (°C) conductance and conductivity
Where: G---conductance (S)
------ ---Conductivity (A)
------ ---Resistivity (S)
Work
rate

Where: P--power (W)
------U--voltage (V)
------I--current (A)
------R--resistance (Ω
When I is constant (resistance series), P is proportional to R
When U is constant (resistance is connected in parallel), P and R are inversely proportional to the resistance string,
and,
Complex connection: resistance:






and,
Complex Parallel resistance:






and,
Complex Double coupling resistance:









When n identical COs are connected in parallel, C=nco


When n identical COs are connected in parallel, C=nco





R1 and r2 are the internal resistance of the battery respectively. When the electromotive force of the n batteries is E0, the internal resistance is r0.




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