Here are some of the aspects of the ARM processor in the traditional sense. Remind yourself that you will think of relevant knowledge after reading it, or have a general concept of ARM. In fact, they are all brief summaries, many of them come from Online materials or teaching courseware are posted here for easy review anytime, anywhere!
ARM microprocessors include ARM7, ARM9, ARM9E, ARM10E, SecurCore, and Intel's StrongARM, XScale and other vendors' ARM architecture-based processors. In addition to the common features of the ARM architecture, each series of ARM microprocessors Each has its own characteristics and application areas.
1. ARM microprocessors using RISC architecture generally have the following characteristics:
Supports Thumb (16-bit) / ARM (32-bit) dual instruction set, which is very compatible with 8-bit / 16-bit devices. The Thumb instruction set has better code density than the usual 8-bit and 16-bit CISC/RISC processors;
â— The instruction execution adopts 3-stage pipeline/5-stage pipeline technology;
â— With instruction cache and data cache, the registers are used in a large amount, and the instructions execute faster. Most data operations are done in registers. The addressing mode is flexible and simple, and the execution efficiency is high. The instruction length is fixed (32 bits in the ARM state and 16 bits in the Thumb state);
â— Supports both big endian and little endian formats to store word data;
â— Supports Byte (byte, 8 bit), Halfword (half word, 16 bit) and Word (word, 32 bit) three data types.
â— Supports 7 processor modes: user, fast interrupt, interrupt, management, abort, system and undefined. All except the user mode are privileged mode;
â— On-line emulation ICE-RT logic is embedded on the processor chip to facilitate emulation of the ARM architecture chip through JTAG, which avoids the use of expensive in-circuit emulators. In addition, a tracking macro unit ETM can be embedded in the processor core for monitoring the internal bus and tracking the execution of instructions and data in real time;
â— With an on-chip bus AMBA (Advanced Micro-controller Bus Architecture). AMBA defines three groups of buses: Advanced High Performance Bus (AHB); Advanced System Bus (ASB); Advanced Peripheral Bus (APB). AMBA can easily expand a variety of processors and I / O, DSP, other processors and I / O (such as UART, timers and interfaces) can be integrated into a single chip;
â— Use memory image I/O, that is, the I/O port address as a special memory address;
â— Has a coprocessor interface. ARM allows 16 coprocessors, such as CP15 for system control and CP14 for debugging controllers;
â— Reduced power supply voltage, can work below 3.0V; reduce the number of door flips, prohibit door flip when a certain functional circuit is not needed; reduce the number of gates, that is, reduce the integration of the chip; reduce the clock frequency and other measures Reduce power consumption;
â— Small size, low cost and high performance.
2. A typical ARM architecture:
Includes 32-bit ALU, 31 32-bit general-purpose registers and 6-bit status registers, 32 & TImes; 8-bit multiplier, 32 & TImes; 32-bit barrel shifter, instruction decode and control logic, instruction pipeline and data/address registers .
1). ALU
The ALU of the ARM architecture is basically the same as the common ALU logic structure, consisting of two operand latches, adders, logic functions, results, and zero-detection logic. The minimum data path period of the ALU includes register read time, shifter delay, ALU delay, register write settling time, and non-overlapping time between two-phase clocks.
2). Barrel shift register
ARM uses 32 & TImes; 32-bit barrel shift register, left shift / right shift n bits, loop shift n bits and arithmetic right shift n bits can be completed at one time, which can effectively reduce the shift delay time. In the barrel shift register, all inputs are connected to all outputs via a crossbar (Crossbar). The crossbar switch is implemented using NMOS transistors.
3). High speed multiplier
In order to improve the operation speed, ARM uses a two-bit multiplication method. The 2-bit multiplication method can implement the "plus-shift" operation according to the 2 bits of the multiplier. ARM's high-speed multiplier uses 32 & TImes; 8-bit structure, and it takes only 5 clock cycles to complete 32 × 2 bit multiplication.
4). Floating point component
In the ARM architecture, floating-point components are available as options as needed. The FPA10 floating-point accelerator is connected to ARM in a coprocessor fashion and is interpreted by coprocessor instructions.
The floating-point Load/Store instruction usage frequency is 67%. Therefore, the FPA10 also uses the Load/Store structure internally. There are eight 80-bit floating-point register groups, and the instruction execution also adopts a pipeline structure.
5). Controller
ARM's controller uses a hard-wired programmable logic array (PLA) with 14 inputs and 40 outputs, distributed control of Load/Store multiplexers, multipliers, coprocessors, and address, register ALUs, and shifters. .
6). register
ARM contains 37 registers, including 31 general-purpose 32-bit registers and 6 status registers.
3, ARM7 series microprocessor:
Including ARM7TDMI, ARM7TDMI-S, ARM720T, ARM7EJ several types. Among them, ARM7TDMI is the most widely used 32-bit embedded RISC processor, with a maximum frequency of 130MIPS, a three-stage pipeline structure capable of providing 0.9MIPS/MHz, embedded hardware multiplier (Multiplier), and 16 compression. The instruction set Thumb, embedded ICE, supports on-chip Debug, supports on-chip breakpoints and debug points. The command system is compatible with ARM9 series, ARM9E series and ARM10E series, and supports Windows CE, Linux, Palm OS and other operating systems. Typical products such as Samsung's S< xmlnamespace prefix ="st1" ns ="urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttags" />3C4510B.
ARM7TDMI processor core:
n ARM7TDMI also provides a memory interface, MMU interface, coprocessor interface and debug interface, as well as control signals such as clock and bus, as shown in Figure 2.2.2.
n Memory interface includes 32-bit address A[31:0], bidirectional 32-bit data bus D[31:0], unidirectional 32-bit data bus DIN[31:0] and DOUT[31:0], and memory access Requests MREQ, Address Sequence SEQ, Memory Access Control MAS [1:0 and Data Latch Control BL[3:0] and other control signals.
n ARM7TDMI processor core can also be provided to users in the form of ARM7TDMI-S soft core (Softcore). At the same time, a variety of combinations are available, such as the elimination of embedded ICE units and the like.
n 2. ARM720T/ARM740T processor core
The ARM720T processor core is based on the ARM7TDMI processor core, adding 8KB of data and instruction cache, MMU (Memory Management Unit), write buffer and AMBA (Advanced Microcontroller Bus Architecture) interface supporting segment and page storage. Composition, as shown in Figure 2.2.3.
n The ARM740T processor core has the same structure as the ARM720T processor core. The ARM740T processor core does not have a memory management unit MMU. It does not support virtual memory addressing. Instead, it uses a memory protection unit to provide basic protection and Cache control. Suitable for low-cost, low-power embedded applications.
4, ARM9 microprocessor
The ARM9 family of microprocessors, including the ARM920T, ARM922T, and ARM940T, offer the best performance in terms of high performance and low power consumption. With a 5-level integer pipeline, instruction execution is more efficient. Provides a 1.1MIPS/MHz Harvard architecture. Support data cache and instruction cache, with higher instruction and data processing capabilities. Support for 32-bit ARM instruction set and 16-bit Thumb instruction set. Support for 32-bit high-speed AMBA bus interface. Full-featured MMU supports Windows CE, Linux, Palm OS and other mainstream embedded operating systems. The MPU supports a real-time operating system.
The ARM920T processor core adds a separate instruction cache and data cache based on the ARM9TDMI processor core, with corresponding memory management units I-MMU and D-MMU, write buffer and AMBA interface.
ARM9 series microprocessors are mainly used in wireless communication equipment, instrumentation, security systems, set-top boxes, high-end printers, digital cameras and digital cameras. Typical products are the S3C2410A from Samsung.
Second, the five aspects of the ARM architecture:ARM architecture or processor structure is mainly reflected in: ARM microprocessor register structure, exception handling, memory structure, instruction system, interface and so on.
1, register structure:
The ARM processor has a total of 37 registers and is divided into several groups (BANK). These registers include:
â— 31 general-purpose registers, including the program counter (PC pointer), are 32-bit registers.
â— 6 status registers, which are used to identify the working status of the CPU and the running status of the program, all of which are 32-bit. Currently only a part of them are used.
(1) Processor operating mode:
The ARM microprocessor supports seven operating modes, namely:
â— usr (user mode): ARM processor normal program execution mode.
â— fiq (fast interrupt mode): for high-speed data transmission or channel processing
â— irq (external interrupt mode): for general interrupt processing
â— svc (management mode): the protection mode used by the operating system
â— abt (data access termination mode): This mode is entered when data or instruction prefetch is terminated and can be used for virtual storage and storage protection.
â— sys (system mode): Runs a privileged operating system task.
â— und (undefined instruction abort mode): This mode is entered when an undefined instruction is executed and can be used to support software emulation of the hardware coprocessor.
The operating mode of the ARM microprocessor can be changed by software or by external interrupt or exception handling.
Most applications run in user mode, and some protected system resources are not accessible when the processor is running in user mode.
In addition to the user mode, all the other six modes are called non-user mode, or privileged mode; among them, five types, other than user mode and system mode, are also called abnormal modes, which are often used to handle interrupts or exceptions, and need to be accessed. Protected system resources, etc.
1.0mm (.039") Female Headers
Overview
Whenever there is a need for fitting small-sized connectors in compact devices, the 1.0mm pitch female header, or sometimes referred to as header connector, is ideally suited for this application. Not only does this female header space-savvy, but it is also designed for vacuum pick and place that makes it suitable for high volume automated manufacturing.Antenk offers these low profile, easy-install, SMT or THM miniature female connector plugs at high quality and affordable China-quoted price, for board-to-board connection, snuggly fitting the pins of a male header and acting as a receptacle.
Assembly and service is simple with either vertical (straight), elevated or at a right angle configuration/orientation, which can dissipate current of about 1.0 A or less in a tape and reel packaging. The filleted corners can also remove shadowing allowing optimization of LED output.
Also, the 1.0mm pitch female headers are made to work in Arduino boards, Arduino Pro and Arduino Mega with either single or double-row female headers, facilitating connections for programming and incorporation into other circuits. They have the perfect height for clearing the USB-B connector and great for stacking multiple shields.
Female header always called as [Header connector", Antenk provide widely range of header connector, from 2.54mm (.100″ inch) pitch to 1.0mm (.039″ inch) pitch. The number of pins (contacts) is from 2 to 40 pins per orw. There are three type: Straight (Dip Vertical), Right angle, SMT (surface mount).
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Applications of 1.0mm Pitch Female Headers
Its small size is most suitable for PCB connections of small equipment and devices such as:
Arduino Boards
Architectural and sign lighting
Retail and display lighting
Fluorescent LED retrofit lighting
Cabinet or furniture lighting
Commercial / residential cove lighting
WiFi equipment
Gaming consoles,
Measurement instruments
Medical Diagnostic and Monitoring equipment
Communications: Telecoms and Datacoms
Industrial and Automotive Control and Test
Mount Type: Through-hole vs Surface Mount
At one side of this female header is a series of pins which can either be mounted and soldered directly onto the surface of the PCB (SMT) or placed into drilled holes on the PCB (THM).
Best used for high-reliability products that require stronger connections between layers.
Aerospace and military products are most likely to require this type of mounting as these products experience extreme accelerations, collisions, or high temperatures.
Useful in test and prototyping applications that sometimes require manual adjustments and replacements.
1.0mm vertical single row female header, 1.0mm vertical dual row female header, 1.0mm Elevated single row female header, 1.0mm Elevated dual row female Header, 1.0mm right-angle single row female header and 1.0mm right-angle dual row female header are some examples of Antenk products with through-hole mount type.
Surface-Mount
The most common electronic hardware requirements are SMT.
Essential in PCB design and manufacturing, having improved the quality and performance of PCBs overall.
Cost of processing and handling is reduced.
SMT components can be mounted on both side of the board.
Ability to fit a high number of small components on a PCB has allowed for much denser, higher performing, and smaller PCBs.
1.0mm Right-angle Dual Row female header, 1.0mm SMT Single row female header, 1.0mm SMT Dual row female header and 1.0mm Elevated Dual Row female Header are Antenk`s SMT female headers.
Soldering Temperature for 1.0mm Pitch Female Headers
Soldering SMT female connectors can be done at a maximum peak temperature of 260°C for maximum 60 seconds.
Orientation/Pin-Type: Vertical (Straight) and Right-Angle
1.0mm pitch female headers may be further classified into pin orientation as well, such as vertical or straight male header or right-angle female header.
Vertical or Straight Female Header Orientation
One side of the series of pins is connected to PCB board in which the pins can be at a right-angle to the PCB surface (usually called "straight" or [vertical") or.
Right-Angle Female Header Orientation
Parallel to the board's surface (referred to as "right-angle" pins).
Each of these pin-types have different applications that fit with their specific configuration.
PCB Connector Stacking
Profile Above PCB
This type of configuration is the most common way of connecting board-to-board by a connector. First, the stacking height is calculated from one board to another and measured from the printed circuit board face to its highest insulator point above the PCB.
Elevated Sockets/Female Headers
Elevated Sockets aka Stacked sockets/receptacles or Mezzanine are simply stacked female headers providing an exact distance requirement between PCBs that optimizes electrical reliability and performance between PCB boards.
Choosing this type of stacking configuration promotes the following benefits:
Connector Isolation - the contacts are shrouded preventing cable connection mishaps and good guidance for the mating header connectors.
For off-the-shelf wireless PCB module, stacking height is optimized with elevated sockets.
Offers superior strength and rigidity.
Polarisation prevents users from inverted insertion.
Single, Dual or Multiple Number of Rows
For a 1.0mm straight or vertical female header, the standard number of rows that Antenk offers ranges from 1 to 2 rows. However, customization can be available if 3 ,4 or n number of rows is needed by the customer. Also, the number of contacts for the single row is about 2-40 pins while for dual row, the number contacts may vary from 2-80 pins.
Pin Material
The pins of the connector attached to the board have been designed with copper alloy. With customer`s demand the pins can be made gold plated.
Custom 1.0mm Pitch Female Headers
Customizable 1.0 mm pitch female headers are also available, making your manufacturing process way faster as the pins are already inserted in the headers, insulator height is made at the right size and the accurate pin length you require is followed.
Parts are made using semi-automated manufacturing processes that ensure both precision and delicacy in handling the headers before packaging on tape and reel.
Tape and Reel Packaging for SMT Components
Antenk's SMT headers are offered with customizable mating pin lengths, in which each series has multiple number of of circuits, summing up to a thousand individual part number combinations per connector series.
The tape and reel carrier strip ensures that the headers are packaged within accurately sized cavities for its height, width and depth, securing the headers from the environment and maintaining consistent position during transportation.
Antenk also offer a range of custom Tape and reel carrier strip packaging cavities.
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