Recently, the industry standard "Sports Hall Lighting Design and Testing Standards" (for review) issued by the China Academy of Building Research and the relevant units was successfully reviewed.
The "Standard" draws on international and foreign advanced standards and a large number of sports venues at home and abroad, and has achieved innovation in the field of stadium power density limit indicators, horse path position setting methods and design parameters, and the standard values ​​of light source color rendering indexes Ra and R9. The results, and for the first time, put forward the performance indicators and power density limit requirements of LEDs applied to stadiums, supplementing the lighting standard values ​​and design requirements of winter sports.
The new standards have higher requirements for the lighting design of stadiums. So, what issues should be considered in the lighting design of the stadium? Send the following dry goods!
To do a good job in modern stadium lighting design, designers must understand and master the following issues: sufficient illuminance and illumination uniformity, brightness and glare-free lighting, proper shadow effects and color correctness, stroboscopic effects The impact and so on.
First, sufficient illumination
International sports organizations and radio and television organizations have put forward the following requirements for stadium lighting equipment:
(1) The minimum illumination required for the entire stadium is 800 lx, and the illumination should be 1 to 1.5 m from the ground plane and perpendicular to the plane of the main camera position.
(2) For a closed lens with a long focal length, the required illumination is not less than 1400 lx.
The illuminance necessary for the color TV broadcast service is also determined by the regional environment. Like the degree of air pollution, it mainly determines the quality of the required picture.
Faster sports require a smaller lens aperture and higher illumination. When the TV camera lens has a correspondingly smaller aperture, the super-broadcast (ie, high-quality image) requires higher illumination.
The most common color TV camera is the zoom lens. Usually, the aperture of f:2 is used. When the large focal length can meet the needs of a certain sports game broadcast range, the number of apertures can also be increased.
Therefore, in lighting design, the designer should consider the aperture at least f: 2.8 to f: 4 or f: 5.6, the most common lens aperture f: 2 to f: 5.6 when the required vertical illuminance value, see Table 1.
Color TV cameras require vertical illumination to be as high as 2000lx. In fact, this value is subject to economic constraints and is limited by glare due to high illumination.
The standard values ​​of the outdoor soccer field and the comprehensive stadium are shown in Table 2.
Second, the illumination uniformity
The maximum brightness ratio between the brightest and darkest parts of the main picture portion of color photography and video recording cannot be greater than 40:1.
The reflection and illumination uniformity of different objects is the reason for the brightness ratio. If the brightness ratio exceeds this value, a clear shadow or backlight phenomenon occurs, resulting in overexposure or underexposure, and the color TV broadcast will be distorted.
Illuminance uniformity measures U1 and U2 with a single parameter. U1 is the ratio of the minimum illuminance to the maximum illuminance in the stadium, ie U1=Emin/Emax; U2 is the ratio of the minimum illuminance to the average illuminance in the stadium, ie U2=Emin/Eave. The illuminance uniformity can be divided into horizontal illuminance uniformity and vertical illuminance uniformity.
There are different vertical illuminations at different locations on the stadium's playing field, which can be confusing when shooting from a distance, especially when there are fast sports events.
The uniformity of vertical illumination on the plane facing the edge of the main camera or facing a fixed main camera position should be better than Eνmin/Eνmax=0.4. In the case of one or more main camera areas, this requirement can be guaranteed. Sufficient illumination can be obtained on the vertical plane of the actual camera position facing the zone or zones. It also ensures that the secondary camera is shot anywhere, in a limited area around the venue.
Ultimately, meeting these requirements will also ensure a sufficient three-dimensional sense of the athletes on the site. Good horizontal illumination uniformity is very important to avoid the adjustment problem of the camera. The uniformity of the horizontal illumination of the competition venue should be better than Ehmin/Ehmax=0.5.
It is also very important that there is no major change in horizontal illumination over a certain distance. In order to have a proper illumination gradient, the horizontal illuminance and vertical illuminance of the grid point to the adjacent grid point cannot exceed 20% of the grid point, and the ratio of the average horizontal illuminance to the average vertical illuminance must be between 0.5 and 2.0. .
In order to ensure the uniformity of the illumination of the stadium, the spotlights on the 30~40m high lighthouse installed on the corners of the venue and the light strips on the 20~30m high stand can be adjusted.
The uniformity of illumination is achieved by relying on a certain number of adjustable floodlights. The uniformity values ​​mentioned above can be achieved by installing not less than 30 narrow beam floodlights on each field beacon. .
If a wide beam distribution spotlight is used, the number of floodlights used can be reduced, but the result is glare to the viewer. If the light belt is used on the canopy, the medium beam and narrow beam lamps will be used to disperse the light.
Third, brightness and glare
Glare can cause a reduction in visual function.
Therefore, glare should be limited and measured. Various sports events have key locations where high-intensity light sources are strictly prohibited from producing glare in the field of view of the athlete.
Which are the key locations for sports competitions? For the audience, the front view of the public area on the side of the court and the rear of the goal are the worst. When designing the projection direction of the floodlight, these locations are used to assess the pros and cons of glare control. These points are key locations. .
Four-corner cloth installation method
The height of the lighthouse should ensure that the lowest row of lamps on the tower is at an angle of not less than 20° to the center of the course. In order to reduce the glare of athletes and viewers, this angle can be relaxed to 30°, but the investment in the lighthouse will increase, and the ratio of vertical illumination to horizontal illumination will decrease. The lighthouse should be located 5° outward at the midpoint of the course line to ensure vertical illumination on the athletes near the sideline.
By increasing this angle, the glare is reduced for the bottom line athletes, and the vertical illumination is simultaneously increased. The limit of increasing the angle depends on whether the stand can interfere with the normal illumination of the luminaire and whether it creates shadows on the court. At the same time, the lighthouse should be placed at least 15° outward from the midpoint of the goal to limit the glare of the players in the goal area when the corner kick is opened.
The above two angle limit lines determine the position of the lighthouse, and the ideal lighthouse should be as close as possible to the extension of the diagonal of the course. In order to ensure that the entire stadium is illuminated, the corner of the lighthouse at the bottom of the lighthouse to the corner of the court is not more than 70°, so as to effectively determine the minimum distance from the lighthouse to the corner of the court.
See Figure 1 for the four-corner lighting method.
Lateral lighting
The installation requirements of the floodlights are suitable for multi-tower layout and for light strip layout. From the perspective of the longitudinal axis of the court, the minimum value of α of 20° is only applicable to the training ground and the low-level competition field. At this time, the glare control level is higher. low. When α is 25°, the glare control is better, and at the same time, the vertical illuminance is higher.
Although the increase in α is advantageous for controlling glare, the vertical illuminance component is reduced, and the investment in the lighthouse or the light strip lamp is greatly increased, and it is impossible to increase the stand lift in order to increase the angle α. The elevation angle of the floodlight near the edge is determined by β. If there is an appropriate ratio between the horizontal illumination and the vertical illumination, β should not be greater than 75°. If the luminaire on the edge of the canopy does not have a suitable beta angle, the floodlight can be installed under the canopy or in other special ways.
See Figure 2 for the side lighting method.
The number of floodlights for each stadium project is determined by the illuminance within the site.
In the four-corner lighting mode, the number of lighthouses is smaller than that of the lateral lighting. Therefore, light enters the field of view of the athlete or the audience. On the other hand, the number of floodlights for the four-corner cloth is more than the number of sidelights. From any point on the court, the sum of the light intensity of each lighthouse floodlight is higher than that of the lateral light, multi-tower. Or the light intensity of the light belt pattern is larger.
In general, the choice of lighting mode and the exact location of the lighthouse depend more on cost or site conditions than lighting.
Flare Rating=10~90, GR=10 means that glare has little effect on people, and GR=90 means that glare is unbearable for people. Any position on the field, with a GR=50, indicates that the glare is “just allowedâ€.
Considering that the stadium is too dark, the light should be directed to the stands. The lighting of the audience should also be taken seriously. In order to distinguish the TV screens during the TV broadcast, the vertical illumination of the stadium auditorium should not be less than 0.25 of the vertical illumination of the venue. This will ensure that there is sufficient contrast between the playing field and the background, which can be achieved by the overflow of the stadium lighting.
The problem of glare can be solved by coordinating the contradiction between the audience and the athletes' requirements. Therefore, the design should consider the light distribution, installation method, lamp hanging height and other factors of the floodlight. This coordination should be done by the designer.
Fourth, the impact of the shadow
The brightness contrast is strong, and there are shadows at the same time, which hinders the correct adjustment of the TV camera's contrast, which will affect the quality of the TV picture.
Too dark will also affect the comfort level of the visual. On the other hand, the shadow is very important for the TV broadcast and the audience, especially when there is a fast-moving high-speed passing football game, if there is no shadow effect, the distance The audience far away from the ball is unable to track the target.
Fine-tuning the spotlights while avoiding the unfavorable factors that affect the lighting can result in better shadowing.
Five, color correction
In most sports, color perception is very important. Of course, the color distortion produced by artificial lighting does not have color discrimination problems within an acceptable range.
The two important issues of color characterization are the color table—the color representation of the illuminated environment; the color rendering—the characteristic that the light source actually reveals the color of the object.
The color rendering and color table of the light source is determined by the spectral energy distribution of the light emitted by it. The color table phenomenon of the light source can be described by the correlated color temperature TK, and the correlated color temperature is mainly in the range of 2000~6000K. The lower the color temperature, the more "warm" the color table of the light; the higher the color temperature, the more "cold" the color table of the light.
The color rendering index of the light source can be expressed by the color rendering index Ra, which is 100, which is equivalent to the color of the daylighting object. The visual atmosphere of the environment is represented by Ra. The higher Ra, the more pleasant the atmosphere.
Since daylight is changing throughout the day, the effects of daylight should be kept to a minimum, and the color discrimination of the corresponding human eye will not be much of a problem.
For an ideal picture, the camera is adjusted to the color status of the installed artificial illumination source. High-definition HDTV broadcast, color rendering index Ra ≥ 80, preferably 90.
Color correction is important for both the viewer and the color TV broadcast service. The TV camera and color temperature can be adjusted in a wide range to use a light source with a color temperature of 3000~6000K for TV broadcast.
However, the stadium is an outdoor playground. When choosing a light source, the color temperature of daylight is 5000~6000K. This may happen. The game starts in daylight, and ends in the cold when the sun sets. (usually "all weather" The term is used to describe).
In the setting sun and artificial double light, the daylight color temperature is required to be consistent with the color temperature of the artificial illumination source, so that the television camera can be continuously adjusted to smoothly transition from daylight to artificial illumination.
In recent years, metal halide lamps have been rapidly developed for the purpose of color television broadcasting. Due to its high operating temperature, high voltage and other conditions, the light source has a color temperature of 3000 to 6000 K, thus including all requirements for color correction. It can fully meet the requirements of color TV broadcasting in outdoor stadiums, so it is widely used.
Sixth, the impact of stroboscopic effect
When a metal halide lamp is used as the stadium ground illumination, the discontinuity of the arc determined by the main frequency of the AC power source may cause a stroboscopic effect.
The stroboscopic effect should be limited to a minimum during design. Usually, the light source can be evenly connected to different phases of the three-phase power supply. The illumination at any point on the site is superimposed on the light of different light sources, so that the stroboscopic effect can be minimized. .
The "Standard" draws on international and foreign advanced standards and a large number of sports venues at home and abroad, and has achieved innovation in the field of stadium power density limit indicators, horse path position setting methods and design parameters, and the standard values ​​of light source color rendering indexes Ra and R9. The results, and for the first time, put forward the performance indicators and power density limit requirements of LEDs applied to stadiums, supplementing the lighting standard values ​​and design requirements of winter sports.
The new standards have higher requirements for the lighting design of stadiums. So, what issues should be considered in the lighting design of the stadium? Send the following dry goods!
To do a good job in modern stadium lighting design, designers must understand and master the following issues: sufficient illuminance and illumination uniformity, brightness and glare-free lighting, proper shadow effects and color correctness, stroboscopic effects The impact and so on.
First, sufficient illumination
International sports organizations and radio and television organizations have put forward the following requirements for stadium lighting equipment:
(1) The minimum illumination required for the entire stadium is 800 lx, and the illumination should be 1 to 1.5 m from the ground plane and perpendicular to the plane of the main camera position.
(2) For a closed lens with a long focal length, the required illumination is not less than 1400 lx.
The illuminance necessary for the color TV broadcast service is also determined by the regional environment. Like the degree of air pollution, it mainly determines the quality of the required picture.
Faster sports require a smaller lens aperture and higher illumination. When the TV camera lens has a correspondingly smaller aperture, the super-broadcast (ie, high-quality image) requires higher illumination.
The most common color TV camera is the zoom lens. Usually, the aperture of f:2 is used. When the large focal length can meet the needs of a certain sports game broadcast range, the number of apertures can also be increased.
Therefore, in lighting design, the designer should consider the aperture at least f: 2.8 to f: 4 or f: 5.6, the most common lens aperture f: 2 to f: 5.6 when the required vertical illuminance value, see Table 1.
Color TV cameras require vertical illumination to be as high as 2000lx. In fact, this value is subject to economic constraints and is limited by glare due to high illumination.
The standard values ​​of the outdoor soccer field and the comprehensive stadium are shown in Table 2.
Second, the illumination uniformity
The maximum brightness ratio between the brightest and darkest parts of the main picture portion of color photography and video recording cannot be greater than 40:1.
The reflection and illumination uniformity of different objects is the reason for the brightness ratio. If the brightness ratio exceeds this value, a clear shadow or backlight phenomenon occurs, resulting in overexposure or underexposure, and the color TV broadcast will be distorted.
Illuminance uniformity measures U1 and U2 with a single parameter. U1 is the ratio of the minimum illuminance to the maximum illuminance in the stadium, ie U1=Emin/Emax; U2 is the ratio of the minimum illuminance to the average illuminance in the stadium, ie U2=Emin/Eave. The illuminance uniformity can be divided into horizontal illuminance uniformity and vertical illuminance uniformity.
There are different vertical illuminations at different locations on the stadium's playing field, which can be confusing when shooting from a distance, especially when there are fast sports events.
The uniformity of vertical illumination on the plane facing the edge of the main camera or facing a fixed main camera position should be better than Eνmin/Eνmax=0.4. In the case of one or more main camera areas, this requirement can be guaranteed. Sufficient illumination can be obtained on the vertical plane of the actual camera position facing the zone or zones. It also ensures that the secondary camera is shot anywhere, in a limited area around the venue.
Ultimately, meeting these requirements will also ensure a sufficient three-dimensional sense of the athletes on the site. Good horizontal illumination uniformity is very important to avoid the adjustment problem of the camera. The uniformity of the horizontal illumination of the competition venue should be better than Ehmin/Ehmax=0.5.
It is also very important that there is no major change in horizontal illumination over a certain distance. In order to have a proper illumination gradient, the horizontal illuminance and vertical illuminance of the grid point to the adjacent grid point cannot exceed 20% of the grid point, and the ratio of the average horizontal illuminance to the average vertical illuminance must be between 0.5 and 2.0. .
In order to ensure the uniformity of the illumination of the stadium, the spotlights on the 30~40m high lighthouse installed on the corners of the venue and the light strips on the 20~30m high stand can be adjusted.
The uniformity of illumination is achieved by relying on a certain number of adjustable floodlights. The uniformity values ​​mentioned above can be achieved by installing not less than 30 narrow beam floodlights on each field beacon. .
If a wide beam distribution spotlight is used, the number of floodlights used can be reduced, but the result is glare to the viewer. If the light belt is used on the canopy, the medium beam and narrow beam lamps will be used to disperse the light.
Third, brightness and glare
Glare can cause a reduction in visual function.
Therefore, glare should be limited and measured. Various sports events have key locations where high-intensity light sources are strictly prohibited from producing glare in the field of view of the athlete.
Which are the key locations for sports competitions? For the audience, the front view of the public area on the side of the court and the rear of the goal are the worst. When designing the projection direction of the floodlight, these locations are used to assess the pros and cons of glare control. These points are key locations. .
Four-corner cloth installation method
The height of the lighthouse should ensure that the lowest row of lamps on the tower is at an angle of not less than 20° to the center of the course. In order to reduce the glare of athletes and viewers, this angle can be relaxed to 30°, but the investment in the lighthouse will increase, and the ratio of vertical illumination to horizontal illumination will decrease. The lighthouse should be located 5° outward at the midpoint of the course line to ensure vertical illumination on the athletes near the sideline.
By increasing this angle, the glare is reduced for the bottom line athletes, and the vertical illumination is simultaneously increased. The limit of increasing the angle depends on whether the stand can interfere with the normal illumination of the luminaire and whether it creates shadows on the court. At the same time, the lighthouse should be placed at least 15° outward from the midpoint of the goal to limit the glare of the players in the goal area when the corner kick is opened.
The above two angle limit lines determine the position of the lighthouse, and the ideal lighthouse should be as close as possible to the extension of the diagonal of the course. In order to ensure that the entire stadium is illuminated, the corner of the lighthouse at the bottom of the lighthouse to the corner of the court is not more than 70°, so as to effectively determine the minimum distance from the lighthouse to the corner of the court.
See Figure 1 for the four-corner lighting method.
Lateral lighting
The installation requirements of the floodlights are suitable for multi-tower layout and for light strip layout. From the perspective of the longitudinal axis of the court, the minimum value of α of 20° is only applicable to the training ground and the low-level competition field. At this time, the glare control level is higher. low. When α is 25°, the glare control is better, and at the same time, the vertical illuminance is higher.
Although the increase in α is advantageous for controlling glare, the vertical illuminance component is reduced, and the investment in the lighthouse or the light strip lamp is greatly increased, and it is impossible to increase the stand lift in order to increase the angle α. The elevation angle of the floodlight near the edge is determined by β. If there is an appropriate ratio between the horizontal illumination and the vertical illumination, β should not be greater than 75°. If the luminaire on the edge of the canopy does not have a suitable beta angle, the floodlight can be installed under the canopy or in other special ways.
See Figure 2 for the side lighting method.
The number of floodlights for each stadium project is determined by the illuminance within the site.
In the four-corner lighting mode, the number of lighthouses is smaller than that of the lateral lighting. Therefore, light enters the field of view of the athlete or the audience. On the other hand, the number of floodlights for the four-corner cloth is more than the number of sidelights. From any point on the court, the sum of the light intensity of each lighthouse floodlight is higher than that of the lateral light, multi-tower. Or the light intensity of the light belt pattern is larger.
In general, the choice of lighting mode and the exact location of the lighthouse depend more on cost or site conditions than lighting.
Flare Rating=10~90, GR=10 means that glare has little effect on people, and GR=90 means that glare is unbearable for people. Any position on the field, with a GR=50, indicates that the glare is “just allowedâ€.
Considering that the stadium is too dark, the light should be directed to the stands. The lighting of the audience should also be taken seriously. In order to distinguish the TV screens during the TV broadcast, the vertical illumination of the stadium auditorium should not be less than 0.25 of the vertical illumination of the venue. This will ensure that there is sufficient contrast between the playing field and the background, which can be achieved by the overflow of the stadium lighting.
The problem of glare can be solved by coordinating the contradiction between the audience and the athletes' requirements. Therefore, the design should consider the light distribution, installation method, lamp hanging height and other factors of the floodlight. This coordination should be done by the designer.
Fourth, the impact of the shadow
The brightness contrast is strong, and there are shadows at the same time, which hinders the correct adjustment of the TV camera's contrast, which will affect the quality of the TV picture.
Too dark will also affect the comfort level of the visual. On the other hand, the shadow is very important for the TV broadcast and the audience, especially when there is a fast-moving high-speed passing football game, if there is no shadow effect, the distance The audience far away from the ball is unable to track the target.
Fine-tuning the spotlights while avoiding the unfavorable factors that affect the lighting can result in better shadowing.
Five, color correction
In most sports, color perception is very important. Of course, the color distortion produced by artificial lighting does not have color discrimination problems within an acceptable range.
The two important issues of color characterization are the color table—the color representation of the illuminated environment; the color rendering—the characteristic that the light source actually reveals the color of the object.
The color rendering and color table of the light source is determined by the spectral energy distribution of the light emitted by it. The color table phenomenon of the light source can be described by the correlated color temperature TK, and the correlated color temperature is mainly in the range of 2000~6000K. The lower the color temperature, the more "warm" the color table of the light; the higher the color temperature, the more "cold" the color table of the light.
The color rendering index of the light source can be expressed by the color rendering index Ra, which is 100, which is equivalent to the color of the daylighting object. The visual atmosphere of the environment is represented by Ra. The higher Ra, the more pleasant the atmosphere.
Since daylight is changing throughout the day, the effects of daylight should be kept to a minimum, and the color discrimination of the corresponding human eye will not be much of a problem.
For an ideal picture, the camera is adjusted to the color status of the installed artificial illumination source. High-definition HDTV broadcast, color rendering index Ra ≥ 80, preferably 90.
Color correction is important for both the viewer and the color TV broadcast service. The TV camera and color temperature can be adjusted in a wide range to use a light source with a color temperature of 3000~6000K for TV broadcast.
However, the stadium is an outdoor playground. When choosing a light source, the color temperature of daylight is 5000~6000K. This may happen. The game starts in daylight, and ends in the cold when the sun sets. (usually "all weather" The term is used to describe).
In the setting sun and artificial double light, the daylight color temperature is required to be consistent with the color temperature of the artificial illumination source, so that the television camera can be continuously adjusted to smoothly transition from daylight to artificial illumination.
In recent years, metal halide lamps have been rapidly developed for the purpose of color television broadcasting. Due to its high operating temperature, high voltage and other conditions, the light source has a color temperature of 3000 to 6000 K, thus including all requirements for color correction. It can fully meet the requirements of color TV broadcasting in outdoor stadiums, so it is widely used.
Sixth, the impact of stroboscopic effect
When a metal halide lamp is used as the stadium ground illumination, the discontinuity of the arc determined by the main frequency of the AC power source may cause a stroboscopic effect.
The stroboscopic effect should be limited to a minimum during design. Usually, the light source can be evenly connected to different phases of the three-phase power supply. The illumination at any point on the site is superimposed on the light of different light sources, so that the stroboscopic effect can be minimized. .
1. In memory business since 2000: we are memory experts !
2. 100% testing: we strictly test every module before shipping!
3. Quick Delivery: we always have enough inventory , so we can ship fast !.
4. Secure payment: We are ok with HSBC and accept paypal.
|
Memory Size
|
16GB 8GB 4GB 2GB
|
|
Memory Type
|
DDR3 SODIMM (204-Pin)
|
|
Speed
|
1600MHz PC3-12800, 1333MHz PC3-10600
|
|
ECC Type
|
Non-ECC Unbuffered
|
|
Voltage
|
1.35V/1.5V
|
DDR3 laptop,8gb 1333, 8gb 1600, 4gb 1333, 4gb 1600, DDR3L notebook,SoDIMM Memory,1.35V DDR
MICROBITS TECHNOLOGY LIMITED , https://www.microbitstrade.com